PT-141 Clinic

References / 07

PT-141 references: the cited bremelanotide literature

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources. PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, journal DOIs, and the FDA structured product label.

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How this list is built

These are the sources behind every cited claim on the site — the foundational melanocortin pharmacology, the two pivotal RECONNECT Phase 3 trials and their 52-week extension, the mechanistic fMRI study, the subgroup and patient-experience analyses, the neurobiology review, the FDA structured product label, and the most recent 2024-2025 literature. Where a source is a conference abstract rather than a peer-reviewed full paper, that lower evidence tier is noted in the entry. The community field reports elsewhere on the site are deliberately uncited and are not part of this list, because anecdote is not evidence. The full numbered list, with DOIs and PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and DailyMed links, follows below; each inline citation marker on the site resolves to its numbered entry here.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02333071. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02333071. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04179734. ↗
  6. Pfaus JG, Sadiq A, Spana C, Clayton AH. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. CNS Spectr. 2022;27(3):281-289. ↗
  7. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Goldstein I, Lucas J, Jordan R, Spana C, Clayton AH. Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022;31(3):391-400. ↗
  8. Semple EA, Harberson MT, Xu B, Rashleigh R, Cho J, et al. (Hill JW). Melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in Sim1 neurons permits sexual receptivity in female mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:983670. ↗
  9. Koochaki P, Revicki D, Wilson H, Pokrzywinski R, Jordan R, Lucas J, Williams LA. The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(4):587-595. ↗
  10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. NDA 210557 (approved June 21, 2019). ↗
  11. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. ↗
  12. Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025 (conference abstract; lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text). ↗
  13. How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025. ↗
  14. Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025 (conference abstract; lower evidence tier than peer-reviewed full text). ↗
  15. Fuhrman J, et al. Practical considerations and emerging approaches for the management of vasomotor and sexual symptoms. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2025. ↗